Lipid peroxidation may affect cell membrane structure and signaling.
Free radicals also have a role. Imbalance is what matters.
Reactive oxygen species contribute to signaling and immune defense. When production and clearance become unbalanced, oxidative stress can affect lipids, proteins and DNA.
Moderate ROS levels
Signaling and defense
Contributes to cell signaling, immune responses to pathogens and normal physiological regulation.
REDOX Dynamic balance
Excess ROS
Oxidative stress
When reactive species production exceeds antioxidant and repair capacity, oxidative damage can occur at the molecular level.
Oxidation of amino acid side chains may change protein structure and function.
Oxidative damage may affect nucleic acid integrity and needs to be addressed by repair systems.
Energy metabolism is both a source of reactive oxygen species and a key part of their regulation.